The Driving Age Should Be Rasied to 18 Free Essays

NZ youngsters are progressively demonstrating that they are excessively youthful, too unreliable to even consider getting behind the guiding wheel of a vehicle. Rather than tidying up after youthful drivers who have slammed, or promoting against understudy alcoholic drivers, the Gov. t could place more cash into open vehicle so youth wouldn’t need to head to work. We will compose a custom article test on The Driving Age Should Be Rasied to 18 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now 15 are awfully youthful, and it unquestionably ought to be raised. Recollect †a driving permit is a benefit not a right, as some of you think it is†¦ Not exclusively should the driving age be lifted to 18, there ought to be increasingly draconian limitations set up during the permitting time frame. Street security ought to be obligatory in schools since the beginning. Bicyclists ought to be authorized, as gathering of accomplishing a full ‘drivers’ permit †having finished the bike module, the candidate should then spend a necessary period on the treadle; the subsequent stage will be a fundamental engine bike/bike course, trailed by another obligatory period riding either a bike or limited yield motorbike. Having finished these modules, a candidate may then apply for consent to be considered for a ‘full’ driver’s permit †the way toward accomplishing such ought NOT be simple; an excessive number of us consider steering two tons of death down our roadways at deadly speeds to be a ‘right’, when it is, truth be told, a duty. What's more, on numerous occasions, we keep on demonstrating that we are not capable creatures. multi year old personalities can't connect cause with impact and in this way are not developed enough to hold a drivers permit. The age for driver’s licenses ought to be raised to 18. Related to this, the cash spent on safe driving promoting efforts (which are demonstrated to be ineffectual) ought to be spent rather on open vehicle frameworks. The small children are too unreliable to be in any way driving at anything short of 18. The school leaving age ought to be 18 as well. I figure the driving age ought to be raised to 18 because†¦ youngsters endeavor to accept open doors that exploit something†¦ everybody knows is enormous. They imagine that they can handle the street by the horns, realizing that their 15 years of age, certainty is more impressive than good judgment in such early turn of events. Essentially, the number ’15’ causes youthful young people to respond like they have the experience†¦ when they don’t. Protection and Freedom once in a while releases kids all presumptuous in light of the fact that they need to intrigue an adorable young lady or a gathering of wannabe hoodlums. Here is an inquiry. How would you keep your children at home? Furthermore, here is the appropriate response. Let the freshen up of their tires. Or on the other hand let them hold up until age 18 preceding having the option to drive. I concur. Let’s face it. Anything under 18 is as yet a youngster. Indeed, even a great deal of 18 yr. olds are still children truly. Notwithstanding (particularly in Auckland) they need a decent open vehicle framework as an alternative. Additionally another alternative is to limit the proprietorship (and driveability) of vehicles to individuals under the period of express 25 to a specific torque. Jap imports are so modest. I’ve seen adolescent (looking in any case) individuals driving Subaru’s that have in any event a few hundred kilowatts-that my companions is a catastrophe waiting to happen. Procure your entitlement to drive an exhibition vehicle. A full permit should just have the option to be acquired at the age of 17-18. You should be in school until this age and there is no compelling reason to having the option to get the opportunity to work. On the off chance that you do make some part memories work, bounce on a bicycle or if unreasonably languid for that, get a bike. Additionally I have never comprehended the purpose of student, limited and full licenses. Nobody adheres to these principles at any rate, what number of students don’t we see on the streets with no management? The demeanor towards vehicles and driving in NZ is all off-base and the punishments are awfully delicate. I absolutely concur with the above remark that the small children are too flighty to possibly be driving at anything short of 18. The school leaving age ought to be 18 as well. I’ve been a young person and I absolutely thought I was mature enough to agree the world, yet thinking back I realize now how juvenile I was. In spite of the fact that it is required to have better and less expensive open vehicle set up. In the event that this is acquired we may see less vehicles on the streets inside and out which would profit from multiple points of view too. It has been demonstrated that a great deal of youth don't know about their activities and drink driving, by expanding this age, the quantity of vehicle accidents should diminish. Anybody under 18 isn't dependable enough to be in charge of something that can murder individuals. I imagine that adulthood ought to be characterized as 18 so, all in all everything that is as of now disallowed dependent on age can open up. Instructions to refer to The Driving Age Should Be Rasied to 18, Essay models

Marketing and Product Free Essays

1. On the Basics: a. We have stated that promoting is actually the vital thought of ‘connectedness’ with clients. We will compose a custom paper test on Advertising and Product or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now From the point of view of your last venture organization, distinguish and talk about how your organization associates with its clients †select from either the promoting idea or the selling idea. Make certain to characterize every idea and be nitty gritty in your reaction. A: Marketing idea holds that accomplishing authoritative objectives relies upon knowing the requirements and needs of target showcases and conveying the ideal fulfillments better than contenders do. client center and worth are the way to deals and benefits) The showcasing idea is a client focused sense and reacts reasoning. (The activity is to locate the correct items for your clients. ) My undertaking organization Samsung took the showcasing idea and associate with its clients. Samsung decides to concern progressively about customers’ require and create items that take care of customers’ issues instead of make it and sell it. Before creating cellphone items it will do a ton of studies and analysi s to discover what issues exist and concerned intensely in present day world. Exercises like unconditional present and test with-buy, free encountering and thoughtful subsequent to selling administration are acceptable methods of finding what client need and requesting criticisms. Not exclusively can these promoting systems gather information and models for its examination, yet in addition can assemble a solid relationship with present and potential clients. Other than that Samsung additionally build up an arrangement of reaching with clients, which utilizes PDAs and email. By messaging and messaging client what new items are and getting some information about them improves items and make items more client orientated. . Alluding to your task organization give an all around created portrayal of your market section and your objective market. I. Recognize the most dire issue important for you to infiltrate or ensure your ideal market space. Market Segmentation: Target Customers: Urgent issue: The most critical issue is to separate this cell phone from other cell phone of different brands by showcasing. There are numerous cell phones in the market and the most serious one is the iphone5 from Apple. These two cell phone have comparative capacity and both have great notoriety in fixing skins. To showcase the serum from Lauder we need to pressure its capacity of giving you the most alluring capacity, for example, Pop up play and Face Zoom which Apple doesn’t have. c. In conclusion, succinctly address every one of the accompanying focal situating questions relating to your venture organization/brand: I. What position, assuming any, do you as of now have in the prospect’s mind? Here I show a portion of the serious contributions Full scope of administration subsequent to selling Apple 9. 0 Nokia 7. Motorola7. 5 HTC 7. 0 Sharp6. 5 ZTE6. 0 Quality of item The parts of item ii. What position would you like to possess? With a solid brand advantage and the lush Apple store, Apple presently is as yet the splendor star in people’s mind. Yet, what I will do is to give clients more space to encounter our item when they come to Samsung store . I expect to possess the prima ry spot. iii. What organizations must be outgunned on the off chance that you are to set up or keep up that position? From my perspective, Motorola would be the first to be outgunned. The explanation is that: 2. On the Marketing Mix: Discuss the qualities and shortcomings of your company’s advertising blend and offer vital suggestions on how the organization should deal with the most copying showcasing issue/opportunity affecting the vital presentation of the ‘mix’. Think about molding your answer in view of the 5Cs Strengths: Lauder has enhanced advertising procedures from retailing stores to TV ads to spas. It present the item in numerous measurements and gives shopper a full and great comprehend of the item. Shortcoming: Most of Estee Lauder’s retail locations are possessed by the organization. Lauder doesn’t need to help out different retailers so as to keep their picture of top of the line. Be that as it may, promoting the serum implies you need to exceptionally presented your item to the general population and remind them there’s consistently this decision for them and they have simple access to the item. Arrangements: The consuming promoting issue is cosmic system doesn't have a solid separated situation from different brands and not great to cosumers. Right off the bat, we should consider client arrangement. By propelling advertisement battle in which stress the capacity of the item and rundown includes that different cellphones don’t have, we are really telling shoppers that the additional advantages they can get from picking this cellphone. Other than that we can set up experience relax in some shopping centers for individuals to give the item a shot just as showing them how to utilize it to accomplish the best impact. Furthermore, we center around client cost. To certain individuals who have never utilized it they might not have any desire to go through that much cash in attempting another item. So when we are propelling this item we can offer rebate or selling as a bundle to bring down the cost with the goal that increasingly potential client will have an attempt. Fourthly, we can advance the correspondence. By setting up two-way correspondence can truly fortify the tight with purchasers. Why numerous brands are forgettable is on the grounds that they don’t have a solid association with purchasers. By reaching purchasers with email and message we can generally uncover them in the data of the items which increment the possibility of them picking the item. 3. On Consumer Buying Behavior: a. Alluding to your organization, depict a situation of your commonplace client utilizing the purchaser choice procedure when considering buying your company’s item/administration. Utilize the language from our readings. I. Consider pulling from your database explore offered in our library workshop to verify how your clients carry on in your market condition. b. Moreover, from the standards that impact the pace of appropriation, in what zone does your organization/item exceed expectations and what region does your organization/item expect consideration regarding fortify the selection procedure? Be nitty gritty in your reaction. . First we have Need Recognition. The purchaser perceives an issue or need of the cellphone by conversing with a companion of viewing an advertisement. Second, he will do Information Search. Advertisements are from business sources-constrained by advertisers. He may likewise discover data from individual sources, open sources and experiential sources. By w atching advertisements or tuning in to the exhortation of a dear companion or attempting the examples she will get the data about the cellphones. Third, we have Evaluation of Alternatives. He will assess choices with estimations and legitimate reasoning. By contemplating each quality and think about various cellphones he discovers that cellphones from Samsung will fulfilled his need with the capacities universe has. Fourth, he will settle on the Purchase Decision. Subsequent to positioning brands and shaping buy expectation, he is going to purchase the cellphone. Presently if perspectives of others additionally focuses to getting it and there’s no surprising situational factors like intensifying economy or dropping cost of contenders, he will by the somewhat costly cellphone structure Samsung. To wrap things up there’s Postpurchase Behavior. He will feel either fulfilled or unsatisfied with the galaxy,which is the hole between the desires and the product’s saw execution. b. Exceed expectations Relative preferred position: 4. 8† Super Amoled HD show Pebble blue or marble white Battery: 2,100mAh (remote charging discretionary extra) Camera: 8MP back; 1. 9 MP front S-Beam High speed document move through NFC and WiFi Direct, between two telephones contacted together, working at up to 300Mbps. Brilliant Stay The telephone tracks your eyes, so as long as you’re taking a gander at it, the presentation won’t diminish or turn off. What Needs to be STRENGTHEN? the reason for the present market circumstance, the significant brands of cell phone chain, (for example, Suning, Gome, and so forth ) possesses an enormous market, so we are confronted with impressive weight. As indicated by the market potential, the Guangdong advertise level of utilization investigation, shopper gatherings, all things considered, is restricted, so we have a one of a kind support of intrigue potential clients. d out the distinctions. 4. On Branding and the Product Lifecycle: a. Alluding to your organization, distinguish the one significant quality and shortcoming of the brand. I. What are your proposals to fortify the intensity and value of the brand? ii. Recognize at what stage your image falls inside the item lifecycle model. What is required for you to guarantee that the client remains interminably ‘connected’ to your image? a. Quality: Samsung has adequate store for developing so it’s ready to apply innovative into their items, which makes it an offer point to the clients since these days everybody prefers new innovation. What’s more, while developing the item Samsung will have such huge numbers of test before they at long last dispatch the item so the item is unquestionably sheltered. Weakness:The four-cores designs card needs enormous measure of power The external skin is effectively getting old on account of its material I. To expand seriousness and value of the brand first we have to consider the brand situating Marketers need to situate the brand unmistakably in the objective customers’ mind. I will situate the brand at the most significant level which is on solid convictions and qualities. By propelling promotion battles we convey the idea that the serum structure Estee Lauder is in excess of a serum, it’s a way of life you pick. â€Å"To be breathtaking and sound ordinary gives you the certain to confront each challenge. I would likewise build up a strategic the brand and a vis

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular They

Common Grammatical Errors Passover Readings and the Singular “They” God and Grammar This week I am spending Passover with my family.   Perhaps inspired by the season, I picked up the newsletter that comes from Kolot Chayeinu (“Voices of Our Lives), the synagogue I used to attend in Brooklyn, New York. I read it cover to cover for the first time in months. It won’t surprise you that a grammatical issue leapt up at me from the pages of the newsletter.   Kathryn Conroy of Kolot Chayeinu writes about the open nature of this progressive congregation: “The person who prays because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to them who does not believe in God at all.” The Singular “They” Did you spot the issue in Kathryn’s sentence?   It has become common for writers to refer to a single person, who could be of either gender, as a “they.” This “singular they” construction is grammatically problematic.   Clearly one person does not qualify as a “they,” “their” or “them” (all of which were used in Kathryn’s prose).   Yet we refer, perhaps lazily, or even sloppily, to singles as multiples â€" because it would be challenging or awkward to be grammatically rigorous. My uncle once created a neutral pronoun for just this situation:   fub.   It didn’t catch on. So at least for now, we’re still stuck with a lack of a non-gendered singular personal pronoun in the English language. Given the current state of affairs and my discomfort with the use of the singular “they,” I’ve decided to take on the challenge of improving upon the sentence from Kolot Chayeinu’s newsletter.   How would I write this sentence to avoid grammatical detention? Rewriting the Sentence One possibility is: “The person who prays because he or she believes that God will personally make a difference in his or her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the person standing next to him or her who does not believe in God at all.” Hmmm…   not so great. Stilted, right? This is exactly the type of sentence Ms. Conroy was avoiding. Next option:   Gender the language.   Here’s what it looks like: “The woman who prays because she believes that God will personally make a difference in her daily life is not the least bit threatened by the man standing next to her who does not believe in God at all.” I was surprised to discover that this sentence is much more powerful than the original â€" poignant even in addition to being grammatically sound.   An image is conjured of an actual woman and man standing next to each other praying, rather than of some vague or possible scenario. Third option:   Make it Plural “Congregation members who pray because they believe that God will personally make a difference in their daily lives are not the least bit threatened by those standing next to them who do not believe in God at all.” This sentence is grammatically correct, though in my opinion it doesnt pack the punch of the gendered option. The Essay Expert is a Traditionalist My vote for Kathryn’s sentence is to use a gendered version. And I prefer even the somewhat stilted language of the rigorously neutral option to the grammatically incorrect original. However, I am a traditionalist. The grammar books don’t necessarily agree with me. Not every situation lends itself to gendered language as well as does Kathryn’s sentence. Sometimes our choice is between the “singular they” and a stilted “he/she” in order to avoid politically incorrect gendered language.   And sometimes making the subject plural does the trick quite gracefully. My practice in these situations is to pluralized the subject or to use “he or she” rather than “they.” Or, if there are repeated references to a non-gendered “person” or “someone” in a piece of prose, I might alternate between the masculine and feminine pronouns.   When in doubt, I err on the side of feminine pronouns. After all, there are hundreds of years of usage of the traditional “he” to balance things out. Wikipedia Speaks Here’s what Wikipedia reports on the acceptability of the singular “they”: There has been considerable debate as to the acceptability of singular they. Regarding usage, The Chicago Manual of Style notes: On the one hand, it is unacceptable to a great many reasonable readers to use the generic masculine pronoun (he) in reference to no one in particular. On the other hand, it is unacceptable to a great many readers either to resort to nontraditional gimmicks to avoid the generic masculine (by using he/she or s/he, for example) or to use they as a kind of singular pronoun. Either way, credibility is lost with some readers. With the 14th edition (1993), the Manual briefly revised its neutral stance to actually recommend singular use of they and their, noting a revival of this usage and citing its venerable use by such writers as Addison, Austen, Chesterfield, Fielding, Ruskin, Scott, and Shakespeare. However, regret regarding that printing is expressed at its website; and with the current 15th edition (2003), it has returned to its original neutral position. The 2011 translation of the New International Version Bible utilizes singular they instead of he or he or she, refelecting [sic] changes in English usage. The translators commissioned a study of modern English usage and determined that singular they (them/their) is by far the most common way that English-language speakers and writers today refer back to singular antecedents such as whoever,anyone,somebody,a person,no one, and the like. Your Turn What’s your opinion about how to handle the “singular they”?   Do you have any sample sentences to send me as a challenge?   Do you see any other ways to write Kathryn’s sentence?   And wouldn’t you love to be part of a community where the openness Kathryn describes is a reality?

Legalizing Marijuana Will Decreased Crime Essay - 1429 Words

Marijuana is the cause of much commotion and debating, as the question of legalization becomes more of an issue. Drugs are a major influential force in countries all over the world today. Legalization is an option that has not had a chance, but really should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of drug use, legalization would benefit for the following reasons: 1)reduction of money spent on law enforcement 2)increase in the countries revenue 3)lessen crime 4)useful in treating certain medical conditions. Many feel today we are loosing the war on drugs. People consider legalization unnecessary. They feel that it will increase the amount of drug use throughout the world. They state that†¦show more content†¦Since 1982, there has been a 160 increase in inmate population. One can only imagine what that number is today. Most of this increase is attributed to drug violators, such as marijuana dealers and buyers. Sadly, this number will only continue to rise (Potter 1998). 1991 was the most murderous year in the United States since 1972, and police estimated that forty percent of these homicides were drug related (Potter 1998). Legalizing hemp and other drugs would deter future criminal acts, therefore slowly, but effectively lessening crime. By legalizing marijuana, the dealer would be eliminated and therefore crime would be reduced. Legalizing drugs would also increase countries revenue. During prohibition, alcohol use was still rampant. People were still drinking, only because it was illegal. In the US, the 21st amendment annulled prohibition and alcohol taxes were increased. The same thing should be done with marijuana and other illegal drugs today. The drugs should be heavily taxed to increase revenue. The drugs could be made by the same companies who make such things as aspirin, so the quality would be assured- - no poisons or adulterants. Sterile hypodermic needles could be readily available at drug stores, thus curbing the spread of diseases such as AIDS, and hepatitis. These could be taxed densely because the user will be guaranteed of getting ‘clean drugs’. Legalizing alcohol did notShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1013 Words   |  5 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Legalizing Medical Marijuana can help patients with relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of muscle spasms and relieve from chronic pain. Helpful for treatment for the AIDS-- reduces the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite, Glaucoma -- reduces pressure relieving the pain and sometimes stopping damage to the eyes, Cancer -- excite appetite and relieving nausea and vomiting, and Epilepsy -- stops seizures. There are a huge volume of reports and studies which stateRead MoreReasons to Legalize Marijuana1158 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as marijuana, weed, pot, dope, hemp and so on is listed as Schedule I, referred by the Drug Enforcement Administration which means marijuana is highly addictive and dangerous material. However, Marijuana should not be in that category because marijuana has useful functions. Marijuana is different from other drugs such as Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Heroin because marijuana does not contain hazardous chemicals as much as Methamphetamine, Cocaine , and Heroin have. Legalizing marijuana providesRead MoreLegalizing Medical Marijuana Help Patients With Relief From Nausea And Appetite Loss1448 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Medical Marijuana can help patients with relief from nausea and appetite loss, reduction of muscle spasms and relieve from chronic pain. Helpful for treatment for the AIDS-- reduces the nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite, Glaucoma -- reduces pressure relieving the pain and sometimes stopping damage to the eyes, Cancer -- excite appetite and relieving nausea and vomiting, and Epilepsy -- stops seizures. There are a huge volume of reports and studies which state that marijuana is highlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Recreational And Medical Use Of Marijuana1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of recreational and medical use of marijuana is still a controversial social issue faced by the United States. Although marijuana was seen as a dangerous drug back in the 1900’s, research has revealed the truth about marijuana, making the drug less frightening towards Americans. Now in the year 2015, marijuana is generally more accepted by Americans and many more see marijuana in a positive manner. Although marijuana does have some negative side effects, the side effects are notRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana For Recreational Use1362 Words   |  6 Pageslegalize marijuana for recreational use. Similar to the age limitation set for buying and consuming alcohol and smoking of tobacco products, Colorado has set the age limit for recreational use for adults who are at least twenty-one years of age and over to use an ounce of this drug. According to the drugabuse.gov website, the drug marijuana is defined as a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa—the hemp plant. After two years of legalizing marijuana, ColoradoRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana, also known as cannabis, has been deemed an unaccep table and illegal substance in Canada, as well as in many other nations. It is a drug which can alter an individual’s sense of perception and distort one’s senses, and may become addictive if used repeatedly. Although marijuana is looked down upon in society when used for recreational purposes, it serves several beneficial purposes in the medical field. The legalization of marijuana is a prominent growing issue in several Canadian provincesRead MoreLegalization Of Medical And Recreational Use Of Marijuana1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe legalization of marijuana has been a very controversial topic that has everyone asking each other, is it really worth it? For many, the thought of legalizing a drug, which the government has classified as a Schedule 1 drug is, mind boggling to them. I am going to prove that the pros about the legalization of medical and recreational use of marijuana are greatly outweighing the cons. I will show with statistical evidence that legalization is beneficial in many ways such as generating higher stateRead MoreThe Topic Of Legalizing Marijuana For Recreational Use1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of legalizing marijuana for recreational use has long been a controversial topic. Back in 1996, California became first state to legalize medical cannabis, lighting a fuse across the nation. Fast forward to the year 2012 and thus began states legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes. Those states were Colorado and Washington. Following those states was the announcement of Alaska voting to legalizing weed for recreational us in 2014. After them came Oregon and Washington D.C. in 2015Read MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?978 Words   |  4 PagesI know at this point many will think; ok, maybe tobacco and alcohol are worse than marijuana, however legalizing this drug will only lead to an increase in violent crimes, and will cause more accidents on the road due to impaired driving. Furthermore, it will increase the use amon g teens and minors. As well as becoming a gateway drug that will lead to other dangerous drugs, and what about the use of the drug while a woman is pregnant, how will that effect a baby in the womb? Let me begin by sayingRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Be Legalized1432 Words   |  6 Pages The legalization of marijuana is a controversial subject; however, there are many positive arguments to support the idea. It has been scientifically proven that marijuana is not a health risk and that it is less toxic than alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, and aspirin. It has helped many people with health problems, such as, Aids, Cancer, Epilepsy, and many more. It would also bring in a large amount of tax revenue; further proving that marijuana should be legalized throughout the United States. There

Essay about Views on Alcohol and Drug Abuse - 733 Words

Alcohol and drug abuse among the youth and the adult population is a growing social problem in the United States. The teenage population is very influential to when around its peers. With peer pressure and social roles, teens tend to try and be like the person they look up to, and will do just about anything to look and seem cool in an effort to fit in. Adults tend to turn to alcohol and drugs due to life experiences, such as getting laid off of a job,a death of a family member or friend, or simply depression. There are many other reasons including psychological, physiological, and social consequences that lead to the use of alcohol and drugs among the U.S. population. Sociologist have different perspectives of what causes these†¦show more content†¦Some people, like the everyday individual, have no influence on whether a drug is considered good or bad. Each person has his or her own opinion but neither have any influence on wether or not cigarettes, marijuana, or alcohol ar e legal and/or illegal for use. On the other hand people â€Å"higher up† in society may have some influence on things such as prison sentences and other consequences of that abused substance because of his or her personal views on the issue. Corporations might also have some influences on the social control of the drug(s) in question. The third theory on alcohol and drug use is the Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective. This theory focuses on the meanings associated with the drug use. For example, if someone is arrested for drug possession, he or she will more than likely be labeled as a drug head, pot head, and so on. Once the individual is labeled such, it is usually harder for that person to break out of the label because he or she accepts the label and continues to use the drug and that use sometimes will escalates to a worse behavior. Also, if an individual has friends and/or family that glorify certain drugs, he or she is probably more likely to try that drug. Symbolic-I nteractionist also emphasize the importance of using symbols such as DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) or the Boys and Girls Club of America, to educate the youth about the negative side effects and consequences of alcohol and drug abuse. Alcohol and drug abuseShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Drug Abuse1228 Words   |  5 PagesToday, drug abuse has become a controversial subject where various individuals have different views. Substance abuse is a substantial dilemma among people and easily spread in schools, work environments, and even in homes. Drug abuse starts in utterly reasons, but can begin in adolescence with peer pressure or friends using them, family environment that has violent, physical, or emotional abuse, and inherited genetics with mental health conditions as depression, anxiety, or ADHD (National InstituteRead MoreAddiction: More Than Just a Word Essay example1279 Words   |  6 Pagespointing out the dangers of alcohol.† (Kramer, LizSprague, Nancy , Alcohol Abuse Youth: An Overview). Children do not understand the effectiveness of something powerful like alcohol. They do, however, understand that alcohol can cause a person to become intoxicated. From seeing it on TV, they think it is fun. Also, children do not really pay attention to the awkward conversations they have with their parents. A lot of young people think they know more about alcohol and drugs than their parents doRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Adolescent Substance Abuse1469 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent substance abuse is one of the largest issues faced by our society today. According to Teenrehab.com, nearly 50% of all high school seniors have abused some form of illicit substance and according to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism nearly 70% of 18 year olds have at the least tried alcohol. Many more adolescents are trying, and getting addicted to, drugs every year. In my opinion this is one of the most critical issues that we have to address as a society. Summary Response:Read MoreEssay Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Substance Abuse1125 Words   |  5 Pagesvs. nurture has been the focus of many debates, especially within the discipline of psychological sciences. This paper will examine the views that exist regarding the importance of contributions to the risk of addiction, specifically, genetic (nature) vs. environmental (nurture) contributions through a review of the existing literature. The nature-based view is that expression of addiction (phenotype) is based upon genetic predisposition (genotype). Numerous genetic studies on pedigree haveRead MoreThe Different Affects of Drug Abuse Among Genders783 Words   |  3 PagesO’Neill, drug abuse affects women and men differently. Mary Tyrone seems to be affected mentally by her morphine addiction, whereas the men, Tyrone, Jamie, Edmund, in the household appear to be affected physically by their alcohol addiction. Cynthia Robbins’s â€Å"Sex Differences in Psychosocial Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse† supports the different effects of drug abuse among men and women. She examines three different hypotheses concerning gender differences in the impact of alcohol and drug abuseRead MoreThe Substance Abuse/Life Circumstance Evaluation. The Salce1639 Words   |  7 PagesTHE SUBSTANCE ABUSE/LIFE CIRCUMSTANCE EVALUATION The SALCE model processes assessment of a character’s substance use/abuse by way of analyzing a broad variety of behavior. This version simulates the techniques and tactics that might be hired inside the personal interview system. It focuses on, and examines, styles of client solutions as opposed to relying generally on the client answers to the SALCE assessment tool. The intention of this assessment is to reach at the of adapted action to accompanyRead MoreSubstance Use Disorder And Substance Abuse997 Words   |  4 Pageswas almost like all they literally cared about was making sure that they got their substance. Their choice of substance was alcohol. The individual had built up a tolerance where if there was a longer period of time where they would have to go without they would start to feel anxious and get sweaty, that was their withdrawal reactions exposed. A lot of people that have alcohol use disorder specifically start off by developing their drinking problem in there young college years. It is the prime timeRead MoreSubstance Abuse and Addiciton: A Very Brief History Essay example1651 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance abuse can include any substance or substances such as alcohol, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, over the counter drugs, cigarettes etc. Any and all of these can become addictive to people very quickly. For years, people believed that addiction was a willful vice that they do to themselves. For years is has been viewed as an individual problem instead of a social problem. Americans today have many different views than 100 years ago about addiction, alcohol and drugs. In the earlyRead MoreThe Problem Of Drugs And Alcohol Abuse765 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction My chosen contemporary social problem is drugs and alcohol abuse. It goes without saying that drugs and alcohol abuse is one of the most significant social problems not only in the United States but also around the world. As a matter of facts, drugs and alcohol abuse is a problem with innumerable effects both on the body and mind of a person. Many times, these adverse impacts affect the families, friends, and acquaintances of the addict whereby, for instance, the latter may lose theirRead MoreInformative Speech On Drug Abuse On Campus1125 Words   |  5 Pages A. Attention Getter: According to â€Å"D.A.R.E† a non-profit organization’s study in may 2017, the use of drugs and alcohol has quadrupled in college students and more students are visiting hospitals than ever. B. Audience Relevance: Drugs is one of the major issues in our society these days. The usage of drugs on college campus has been a major issue throughout the country and it has effected a lot of people, not only the ones who became victim of the issue but also friends and families of

Middle Age Religion Free Essays

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the sole church in Europe, where it has its own laws and its own treasury. The church was considered as an important law-making body, recognized not only by the people, but also by its leaders. The heads of the Catholic Church played big roles in the government, as they used their influence to get their way on things. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Age Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bishops were rich people at that time, and has come from a line of noble families. They have a tight hold on the people, especially since they are the ones who are â€Å"closer† to God. The lives of the people living in the Middle Ages were greatly dominated by the church. The church’s influence is limitless, from peasants, to noble lords and even the Kings – they all succumb to the will of the Church. Many of the medieval people dedicated their lives in the service of the Catholic Church and the religion they are in. They offer a life of service to the people of the Church, in hope that their actions would be acknowledged by God, the creator. This had been the usual threat being issued by the people of the church in order to get what they wanted from the people (Carr). During the early years of the Christian religion, its growth was being suppressed by the Roman Empire. This is because the Christians have refused to worship the Roman gods or acknowledge the power of the Roman Emperor. Christians have been persecuted all throughout the empire. These persecutions ended during the reign of Emperor Constantine, who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Constantine the Great then proclaimed himself as the emperor of the Christian people, thus spreading the religion throughout the Empire (Middle-Ages.org.uk). The beginning of the 5th century saw the crumble of the Roman Empire. This is caused by invading Germanic tribes conquering the city of Rome. This has led to the period referred to as the Dark Ages. The fall of Rome however, signals the rise of the Christian Church. The Dark Ages became a stepping stone for the Catholic Religion to flourish. From the Dark Ages up to the Early Middle Ages, the only accepted Christian religion was the Catholic religion. Catholic means universal, or as a whole. Any sect that was established was viewed to be as acts of heresy and the people are heretical (Middle-Ages.org.uk). The power of the Catholic Church in the middle ages was so great, that it owned lands, imposed its own taxes, and created its own laws. It is a very powerful institution that even Kings succumbed to its influence. The Church also accepted gifts and special offerings made by those who wanted to make sure that they have a place in heaven. The influence of the church extended to various lands. They were alongside the kings and rulers of Europe when it comes to power. Those who oppose the Church will instantly receive excommunication – they would go straight to hell when they die (Oakley). One of the major events in the Catholic Religion in the middle ages occurred in the latter part of the middle ages. This is when the Eastern and Western Christian Churches split because of issues which arise from the crusades. This is called as the Great Schism, separating the two halves of Christian Churches. Another split occurred in the Western Christendom when two Popes have been elected and established at two different places. This is caused by disagreement in the elections. This continued to a few decades, up until the issue was healed at the Council of Constance, and the Catholic Religion finally became known as the Roman Catholic Religion. Works Cited: Carr, Karen. â€Å"Medieval Religion†.   1998. November 4 2007. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/religion/index.htm. Middle-Ages.org.uk. â€Å"Middle Ages Religion†.   2002. November 4 2007. http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-religion.htm. Oakley, Thomas P. â€Å"Religion and the Middle Ages†.   2007. November 5 2007. http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=5231. How to cite Middle Age Religion, Essay examples

Fire Prevention Fire Safety and Management

Question: Discuss about the Fire Prevention for Fire Safety and Management. Answer: Introduction Fire safety management is a planned procedure that tells about the arrangements for controls, implementation, and reassessing the fire safety standards those are already maintained. Fire safety management was presented years ago by Amphora in 1987. There, it was reported that the first relevant document on fire safety management seemed to be the Fire grading report prepared in 1952 in UK. Fire safety should be worked out by management by deciding about infrastructure of the premises and the occupancy ratio in it. Effective efficient fire safety management should comprise the staff training in a best possible way because when any type of fire hazards situation happen the occupants evacuated safely. Fire safety management comprises the management responsibility, commissioning and hand over of fire safety manual. The security personnel should also be trained in that way they will able to fighting the fire and evacuate premises as fast as possible. Fire safety management meant by actions with those we can prevent fire or reduce damage like economical, health or any other due to fire hazards. Main aim of the fire safety or fire preventing methods is to prevent the occurrence of fire or if fire occurs in process plant then techniques to control it so as to prevent and serious damage. In these papers it contains the description about fire safety and fire safety management that how to can plan and act to control the fire hazards. Fire prevention and alarming system by mean of which we can alert the personnel about fire hazards and can control the fire hazard by mean of fire safety drill in which personnel are trained to control the fire is also explained. At the end few techniques and equipments used to control the fire hazards are listed. Fire safety Fire safety is set of practice by means of which we can reduce the destruction caused due to fire. It means affirmative ways to reduce destruction and damages caused by fire in the official as well as residential premises. Fire safety techniques or methods are intended to prevent the ignition or uncontrolled fire which will soon takes place after fire starts. For example: in construction building or in process plants we will use the fire safety measures like fire extinguishers, fire hoses. Fire safety management Fire safety management is a planned procedure that tells about the arrangements for controls, implementation, and reassessing the fire safety standards those are already maintained. The plan should clearly specify planning, control, monitoring, organization and reassessing of fire safety techniques and provisions of fire safety in premises. Fire safety planning Effective planning should include-: How designated personal respond to risk assessment of fire safety and determine the preferences of eliminating the fire hazard and minimizing the risk to the peoples. By choosing appropriate fire safety equipments. Fire safety planning improvises the standards and accountability of the fire safety measures which we adopted in the course of our fire safety plan. Fire safety control Firstly recognize the people at all level who have the responsibility to carry out issues related to fire safety throughout the premises. Fire safety control techniques should brief about that how much our fire safety measures are healthy and be effective in an efficient and effective way. Fire safety control should supervise authorize personnel to look into matter those are considered relating to fire safety problems/ issues. Fire safety monitoring Fire safety monitoring meant to check on the fire precautions on regular basis and the detailed checking or investigation reasons of causes of the incident and recording of the other useful information. Mentoring includes routine inspection to ensure that techniques or methods are working in a efficient and effective manner and are properly maintained. Monitoring should altered the procedures if necessary and take further actions by which the accidents will go less in a ratio. Fire safety reassessment Fire safety reassessment means to redefine the plan, procedure, techniques or methods which we adopted in the course of fire safety management and remove the identified deficiencies and rectifying themselves. Its mechanism is to ensure the remedies are properly carried out in our plan. Reassessment includes the management system from beginning to the end working in a properly and compatible way according to our procedures and techniques. Fire Emergency Plan Fire emergency plan is a plan which deals with the emergency fire situation to minimize the consequences of the fire hazards. The purpose of an emergence fire plan is to confirm that the persons in the premises should know that what they have to do in this type of extreme condition and how they can be safely evacuated from the premises. The fire emergency plan should provide the outcome of fire safety risk assessment and valid for the personnel, representatives and appropriate authority. The emergency plan may not be a more than fire action notice in very small premises like residential houses, small offices, shops etc. In the large type of organization or premises the plan should be in a concise and detailed form after the discussion with the other holders and responsible people like owners, management those have control over the premises or building. Fire emergency plan should be well implemented and well performed and could include-: How people will be alarmed in fire emergency circumstances. What employees should have to do if they found fire and they react with it? How to evacuate the premises in a best a best possible way without any misconception? After the evacuation how to assemble the personnel and check whether the building have been properly evacuated or not? Arrangement of fighting the fire Checking of the life safety system such as fire extinguishers, fire detection, evacuation lift, warning alarms, sprinklers. In these types of extreme critical there should be proper and fast contact to the fire brigade department or any kind of rescue services those can help in these kinds of situations. Proper carefulness in checking that any machine, appliance, processor, power supply is properly stopped or isolated to reduce the risk of increasing in fire because of short circuit or any type of electric wire problem. In these kind of condition how to control the crowd and how to deal with them? Staff should be properly trained that how the evacuation plan should be implemented in effective way during these extreme conditions while other are alerted those are not evacuated until later. Fire safety drills Fire safety drill is technique of practicing to how to evacuate personnel in the case of fire or any other kind of emergency situation. In the premises the fire alarm is activated and premises is evacuated when emergency happens. Fire safety evacuation plan guides the staff about their duties and responsibilities in case of fire emergency. Fire drill or we can say a fire mock drill serves as an opportunity for personal that how to demonstrate and fight under simulated fire conditions. In these type of drills staff can make strategies and plans that how they can deal with the fire hazards situations and techniques to save themselves as well as their colleagues in these types of risky situations. Fire drills should include the transmission of fire alarm signals. Fire Alarms A fire alarm system is device or a machine which is used to detect and warns the persons when there is any type of fire, smoke or other emergency occurs. These types of alarms got activated from smoke and heat detection. Functions of fire alarm system: Warns the personnel to recognize the occurring fire through automatic techniques like smoke or heat detection Fire alarms alert the premises occupants in a fire condition and peoples have to evacuate from premises soon. Fire alarm system notifies the signal to the fire department or any other emergency rescue of the organization. Types of fire alarming systems Mainly two kinds of fire alarms systems are used-: Conventional fire alarms system Addressable fire alarms system Conventional fire alarms system Conventional fire alarm system is not located at the panel or central station. Programming of the conventional alarms system is easier in comparison to the addressable alarms system. The initial equipment cost is also low as comparable to the addressable alarm system. It has the expansion capability which is limited to the extent. Addressable fire alarms system Addressable fire alarms system is located at the panel or central station. The input/ output programming is much more feasible and flexible in comparison to the conventional alarm system. Expansion capability is usually much more and wide in comparison to the conventional fire alarm system. Fire safety controls Fire safety control means full laid procedure by which we should reduce the risk and minimize the losses which will occur by fire hazards. Fire safety control should be including, fire fighting, fire detection, warning, emergency escape and fire prevention. Firstly we should take fire prevention strategy in fire safety control plan which include details in full considerations of all the issues including issues like oxygen, fuel, heat. In fire safety controls we have to take the safe guards regarding to the above issues-: Heat safe guards Control source of ignition Chimney to be clean and inspected regularly Treat the independent premises uses such as office over shop as separate purpose group in therefore compartmentalize from each other. Provide no smoking sign at appropriate location and smoking areas should be at distance from inflammable materials. Hot working In the premises like industry or factor use hot works permit system which include fire resisting protective cloths Routine checking and supervision of the machines or fire fighting equipments remove or protect combustible Prevent the suppress and control sparks, provision and training on suitable fire fighting equipments Electrical safety Fire safety control should mainly provide the safe guard on electrical safety because many fire hazards situation are happens cause of the problem of electrical short circuit, breakages in wire or any other electrical failures or electrical equipments and installations designs, constructed, installed, maintained, protected in a way which is used to prevent the dangerous situation in the premises. In premises there should be proper check on the electrical equipments and remove the defective ones. Ensure that the electrical cords are in good and working conditions. Avoid use of extension cords those are not safe under carpet or smoking area. Per outlet use only 1 device. Flammable material Identify all inflammable material so that proper control can be implemented and work in the best possible way. Identify use of substance with flammable vapors examples some adhesive. In the factory industry type premises or anywhere to reduce the risk of fire hazard replace highly flammable materials with lesser one. Provide clearly marked separate storage for, gas cylinder, waste materials and flammable chemical. Management should train their personnel for uses of flammable material and safe storage handling. Flammable materials like flammable liquid present a important risk taking role in fire. Vapour evolved are heavier than air and these can spread long so our more likely to reach sources of ignition. Liquids leak dangerous vapors can arise from the faulty storage bulks and container those are risky for the premises and if the fires happen them it will destroy all the machines, equipments of the industrial unit. In the fire safety control the safety data sheet provides useful information about chemical, emergency majors and handling storage. Safety data sheets provide the knowledge above the hazards chemical that include useful information about it. For example in the chemical processing working units handle materials in accordance with advised on the safety data sheets and safety datas sheet should be available in the event of fire or any kind of emergency services. Fire fighting equipments Fire fighting or protection system include device like piping equipment, wiring, control to detect the smoke or fire and to accurate the signals and suppresses the smoke or fire. The primary objective of protection of fire is to save life and protects the property and minimizes the interruption of service due to fire. Following are the fire fighting equipments-: Fire detection and signaling devices Manual alarm station Manual alarm station like bells, gongs and flashing lights are manually activated by a switch. The manual alarm station is usually designed so that person can break a glass panel or glass rod so that alarm can be operated. Thermal detectors Thermal detectors are special temperature activated sensors to initiate and alarm. These alarms activated with rise of temperature. There are three types of thermal detector-: Fixed temperature type Rate of rise type Combination type Smoke detectors These are quicker to respond than thermal detectors. There are two types of smoke detectors-: Photoelectric type Ionization type Fire suppression system Fire suppression system is achieved by means of preventing oxygen to come in contact with flammable materials by mean of cooling it below its igniting temperature. Fire suppressions system may be classified in several ways. Fire suppressions medium-: foam, water, gas, chemical etc. The fire suppression system devices -: stand pipe, portable extinguisher and automatic sprinkler, hose etc. Foam system Foam system are most effective measures in fire fighting caused by oil, liquid, paint, grease etc. The suppression foam is made by generator which mixes water with the detergent or any other chemical for producing as much as one thousand gallon of the foam for water quantity of each gallon. Foam system suppresses fire by separating fuel from the air (oxygen). Automatic sprinklers system Automatic sprinklers systems are integrated fire suppressions system consisting of supply of water in the network of sprinkler head, pipe, and of other component to provide automatic fire suppression in areas of premises. This type of system is mainly effective in the premises which contain the ordinary combustible material such as wood, paper and plastics. Portable fire extinguisher Portable fire extinguisher is used as first and prime type of fire fighting equipments. They are normally recharged with water or chemicals and are hand operated. Stand pipe system Stand pipe system can also be called as stand pipe or hose system consists of the valves, piping, nozzles connections and hose to providing the stream of waters for fire suppression. There are two types of stand pipe systems-: Wet system Dry system Cleanliness and housekeeping By cleanliness and housekeeping we can reduce the chances of fire hazards by following ways-: By avoiding accumulation of combustible waste and cleaning it at least once a day and by storing it away from the building. Dont store combustible material in between the escape routes or nearby the heat potential source even on temporarily basis. Clean the production surfaces on the daily basis so as to prevent the grease build up. Clean the nearby area of workplace or empty land nearby the process plant so as to avoid the fire spread by mean of dry grass. Fire consequences Fire safety deals with risk. Probability of the serious fires or any type of fire hazards situation in any premises maybe less but potential consequences are enormous. Unwanted fire may have much consequence which can damage to property damage, human life, health, environmental pollution and business interpretation. Most tragic consequence of the fire incidence is any loss of life. Fire is mainly occurred because of use of combustible core materials. Conclusion Over the time changes an increasing knowledge ability and understanding of the manufactures that contributes to risk of the fires as lead to some positive development in fire protection of commercials as well as residential structures. Improvement in personnel fire protection system and services through loss control engineering and fire protection as meant to decrease in cost of fires. Fire safety can be achieved by various means of a variety of passive and active protection of fire measures can be assed and factors related to market considered optimizing the both overall cost and fire safety for the commercial premises. References County Durham and Darlington, Fire Safety Management and Emergency Plan, Visited 25 August 2016, Available-: https://www.ddfire.gov.uk/sites/default/files/attachments/fire-emergency-plan.doc W.K.Chow, 2001, Review on Fire safety management and application to Honk Kong, International Journal on Engineering Performance- Based Fire codes, Vol.3, No.1, Visited 25 August 2016, Available: https://www.bse.polyu.edu.hk/researchCentre/Fire_Engineering/summary_of_output/journal/IJEPBFC/V3/p.52-58.pdf Fire Drills, Visited 25 August 2016, Available: https://www.bse.polyu.edu.hk/researchCentre/ FireEngineering/summary_of_output/journal/IJEPBFC/V3/p.52-58.pdf Fire Marshals Office, Fire Alarm System Basics, Environment health safety department, Stanford University, Visited 25 August 2016, Available: https://bgm.stanford.edu/sites/all/lbre-shared/files/bgm/files/shared/file/SU FMO%20Fire%20Alarm%20System%20Basics%20Presentation %20to%20Building%20Managers%207-28-2014.pdf Safety net, 2004, Conclusion, Intelligent safety solution, US Patent Application: US 2004/ 0140899 A1, Visited 25 August 2016, Available: https://www.intelligentsafetysolutions.com/pdfs/conclusion.pdf Rockwool firesafe insulation, Why fire safety?, Visited 25 Aug 2016, Available: https://www.rockwool.com/sustainable+buildings/fire+safety/why+fire+safety Fire Prevention, Health and safety authority, Visited 25 Aug 2016, Available: https://www.hsa.ie/eng/Topics/Fire/Fire_Prevention/

How Poverty Affects Children Development

Abstract The research that will be done will focus mainly on children and poverty. It seeks to study how poverty affects children development; in order to successfully do this, it will deal with questions like; how is poverty related to development of children? Does severity of poverty amongst children vary in terms of sex?Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Poverty Affects Children Development? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Does family structure determine the level of poverty amongst children? The hypotheses to be tested include; poverty has multifaceted impact on the development of children, the level of poverty amongst children is also determined by the family structure and most poor children come from poor families. The sample size to be used in the research is 150 (n=150), research assistants and professionals will be used in the whole process of the research activities. The preferred data colle ction technique will be triangulation in which both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be combined and questionnaires and interview will be the main means of collecting required data. The data will then be analyzed and report generated for consumption. The research process is designed in terms of introducing the problem of poverty amongst children, carrying out literature review to determine what other research activities have revealed about experience of children in relation to poverty. Furthermore, the research process will be carried out in such a manner in which it adheres to social research principles and ethics. Introduction to Children and Poverty Poverty is one of the major world concerns especially when it comes to developing economies; it is an issue that many poor children encounter face to face and the price that they pay is unbelievably very high. It is estimated that every year, a large number of children are admitted into schools while still encountering man y challenges arising from factors such as poverty, which the teachers are not able take care of as needs. Even so, the definite meaning of poverty has never been agreed upon. Some scholars have defined poverty in terms of monetary ability while others have viewed poverty as the lack of capacity to meet the basic needs of life.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The significance of poverty has attracted the attention of many governments and multinational corporations. These governments and organizations have always set targets for reducing poverty, particularly in ensuring that most children do not suffer out of poverty. In most cases, poverty is measured in terms of the United States dollar (Khayum, 2003). One may ask why poverty is linked to children yet it should be the responsibility of parents and guardians to ensure that children get basic needs. The fact is that as m uch as it is the responsibility of parents and guardians to ensure that children get their needs, the inability of the parents and guardians to provide these basic needs to children defines the poverty statuses of the families as a whole; but the poverty affects children directly as they require much for their development such as schooling, medication, clothing and shelter. It is known and acknowledged that as adults suffer the consequences of poverty, children are the most hit since they are not economically productive and are not able to engage in any way in economic development activity to take care of their basic needs. Therefore, children suffer the effects of poverty by default when their parents and guardians are not able to take care of their basic needs and no one comes to their aid. It is like a custom that children who are born in poverty must just remain poor; for instance, this is witnessed in the caste system in the Indian culture. Such cultural beliefs have played a m ajor role in keeping the children to believe that they are to be poor and hence such scenario jeopardizes the ambitions and dreams of the children to be successful in life (Singh, 2005). Several studies that have been done in relation to children and poverty have explored different aspects of effects of poverty on children life in relation to poverty. Researchers all over the world have done a substantial work on how poverty affects health and nutrition (Luther, 1999). Through research it has been found that children from poor families suffer a lot of nutritionally related diseases and conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus. The findings also indicate that most of these children live in the world’s poorest countries and villages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Poverty Affects Children Development? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, researchers have found out that even amongst poor nations, there are relatively poor families that are not able to cater for their children’s basic needs; hence, the severity of nutritional problems arising from very poor families far outmatch the ones within relatively rich families. A number of research findings have also indicated that the well being of every child is intricately linked to the functioning of the family in which he or she is being brought up in relation to socio-economic resources which are limited; these findings also indicate that the daily socio-economic challenges can significantly negatively affect the mental health of parents. The negative effects as demonstrated in the parents, in turn, are reflected in the problems and challenges in the children’s own adjustments spanning various facets of social-emotional development. Most research activities that focus on children and poverty have not left out the link between the mother and the child. Research conducted on the psychopathology of parents h as been concerned with mothers, who are directly involved with children; the fathers have not well been represented in such research studies. Research has documented high levels of depressive amongst poor mothers during their periods of pregnancies and also during early childhood of their children. These depressive experiences have potential negative effects on parenting behavior which may orient a child to acquire certain traits. Poor and depressed mother are said to be less attentive than their rich counter parts to their children. Moreover, such parents are more likely than others to be hostile to their children; therefore, some children suffer repressive treatments and hostility from their parents due to poverty (Luther, 1999). The child lacks quality parental to child interaction due to stress experienced by the mother. Even though fathers are not well represented in these research activities, parallel research outcomes have indicated that fathers also exert significant influen ce on the life of their children.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With respect to this, fathers are expected to provide for their families, especially in developing nations where fathers are still viewed as the soul breadwinners. In cases where they are not able to provide for their families, they are highly likely to get stressed up and hence divert their attention from children. In this case also, the relationship between the father and the children are most likely weak and children as likely to view their fathers as repressive due to harsh treatment they may get from their fathers (Luthar, 1999). More research activities conducted in the recent past have also indicated that children born in poor families are likely to indulge themselves in substance abuse for instance, smoking of bhang, opium and use of other illegal drugs and substances; in this case, the focus was also placed on mothers in which it was found that poor mothers who are in themselves abusing forbidden substances are less likely to guide their children against substance abuse, es pecially those parents who live in the streets mostly found in developing nations; though this is not restricted to the nations. However, parallel research activities have also indicated that despite poverty children raised supportively and with warmth are most likely to be competent and confident; in this case, it is proven that poverty is not a definite condition for children to experience challenges in life (Luthar, 1999). According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), millions amongst the children miss a lot during their childhood due to poverty; the UN organization argues that poverty deprives the children of capacity to survive, develop and thrive. It also acknowledges that poverty makes children easy victim of exploitation, violence, abuse, stigmatization and discrimination by others, especially children. According to information by the UNICEF, children experience poverty as the part of environment that interferes with there mental, spiritual, emotional and physical development. Moreover, the experience of children with regards to poverty is also through their hands, hearts and minds. For instance, when they begin a day without a nutritious meal and or engaging in risky labor the children’s emotional capacity and also their bodily growth are greatly hindered by poverty; hence, poverty is a measure of disempowerment amongst children who are not able to participate in activities that have almost entirely remained a preserve of the children brought up in materially rich families. More information from UNICEF indicates that research done has proven that living in a poverty environment offers children insufficient stimulation and emotional support to children (United Nation Children’s Fund, 2005). According UNICEF, children suffer multidimensional poverty; the UNICEF offered funding for a research conducted by London School of Economics and the University of Bristol. The research focused on seven aspects of what UNICEF describ ed as severe deprivation that affects children living in developing countries. These dimensions included sufficient food, proper and appropriate sanitation facilities, safe and clean drinking water, education, health and shelter and access to appropriate information. The outcome of the research indicates that more than half the population of children living in developing nations undergoes at least one of the severe deprivations. With particular attention to female children, research has shown that where poor families struggle to take their children to school, they have mostly favored male children and therefore neglecting female children who are hence highly likely to drop out of school; the consequence of this is low education amongst female children population in poor regions of the world. Even though campaigns to educate the girl child have succeeded significantly, the girl-child is still marginalized academically (United Nation Children’s Fund, 2005). Poor families tend t o have more children than the rich families. In many cases, the poor families have more children than they can take care of making these children to lack basic needs in life. With respects to this, research has shown that the number of children in a family is a significant determinant of the severity of poverty experienced by an individual child. Moreover, family structure has also been found to be a significant factor that determines the poverty amongst children. According to a number of research findings, female-headed families in developing nations are poorer than male-headed ones and that poverty is more severe in women and children than males. Even though the main causes of male-headed families have not been well explored through research, research findings have indicated that out-migration by men to other parts of the world or country is the cause of female-headed families; other causes include death and divorce or birth of children outside marriages which is very common in th e rural areas of developing nations (United Nation Children’s Fund, 2005). Poverty amongst children can also be traced to cultural beliefs amongst a given community individuals; like the Indian caste system where one cannot be move to a higher caste once born in a lower caste; when a child internalizes such an information, belonging to a higher social class than the one he or she is born does not become part of his or her ambition either in school or daily activities (Kendall, 2007). There are several research studies that have been conducted on poverty but very little has been done on the impacts of poverty to children. These research activities mainly focus on poverty in general and have not actually done much in relation to how children experience poverty in life as they grow into adults (Kendall, 2007). In order to feel the gap, this research study intends to thoroughly examine how poverty is related to poverty. In fact, the research itself will be important in finding ou t how poverty affects children and how these effects are far removed from those that affect any other person in the society. Specifically, the research will be crucial to organizations and government institutions planning to participate in poverty eradication, particularly in developing countries The parameters to be measured in the research process are the proportion of the children population adversely affected by poverty issues, the structures of families and how they affect children of various ages. Poverty has multifaceted impact on the development of children. The level of poverty amongst children is also determined by the family structure. Most poor children come from poor families. The research questions that will guide the study process are: How is poverty related to development of children? Does severity of poverty amongst children vary in terms of sex? Does family structure determine the level of poverty amongst children? Method Participants The participants of the re search will be selected from amongst the poor families paying attention representation of family structures; they will also be drawn from community workers, children organizations and international organizational agencies specializing in poverty reduction activities. In this case, stratified sampling will be used to ensure proportionate representation from all the chosen areas of concern. The participants will also include children who are able to give accurate information about the impacts of poverty in their lives. These will be selected from poor families and they are children who have suffered out of poverty but are still determined to pursue their goals in education. The study will make use of 150 respondents (n=150) selected from the different categories as discussed above. However, the number may increase depending on the amount of resources available for the whole research process or as it will be deemed necessary. A large respondent (150) has been proposed because the inten ded research population is big and small sample size would give biased results. The research process will require 10 interviewers to help carry out the research study. These interviews will make use of both structured and unstructured questionnaires. Materials The research procedure will utilize triangulation as the preferred method of data collection; this is informed by the fact that triangulation gives the most accurate information when used as the main technique of data collection. The combination to be used in the data collection process includes quantitative and qualitative data. Closed series of questionnaires will be issued to various groups of people within the sample population; meanwhile, interview will be used to extract information from those parents who are unable to read and or write; besides, interview will be most appropriate in the case of getting information from children. Moreover, there will also be qualitative analysis of records from books and report pamphlets . The interview to be conducted will be guided by the open ended questions in a questionnaire and it will be the responsibility of the interviewer to fill such information appropriately into the questionnaires. Procedure Prior to the material day for study and before the recruitment of the participants, the participants will be informed of the main reason for the study and what kind of information the participants will be required to give in relation to the study. Then, after this is done, the participants will be recruited. Ethical research standards will be followed to ensure that the research process and findings are credible. The participants will be drawn from willing population and the drawing process will involve stratified random sampling; stratified random sampling was chosen because the sample population will be drawn from different groups of stakeholders with direct links or concern to children issues and poverty. The participants will be allowed to decide or change their minds regarding their participation; moreover, they will not be forced to provide the information they will not be willing to provide. Again, the research process will take place at the time when participants are free; in this case, each group of participants will be given the privilege of proposing the time appropriate for them to participate in the study process by either accepting to fill the questionnaires and or getting interviewed. The respondents will also be allowed to withdraw their participations whenever they deem necessary. This will ensure that the recruited respondents will be completely committed in the research and will be willing to offer the required information. The process of collecting data may involve recording of information gotten from them which may necessitate tape-recording their voices. In relation to this, consent will be obtained from the respondents to allow voice recording to take place. Because the aim of the research is to collect the most variable information and this can not be done if the respondent’s rights are violated. After the collection of data, a data analysis professional will be hired to compile it together. Following the complete analysis of data will be the process of interpretation and compilation of report from the analyzed data information. The utilization of the report will be informed by the purposes and reason of the research study. The whole process of research will strictly adhere to all principles of social research and methodology. It will deal with measurable parameters to allow for reliability of the whole process. Furthermore, the research process will be closely monitored to ensure that only parameters of concerns are measured with the specified research tools. This will ensure the validity of the whole research process. The research will also make use of knowledgeable research assistants and research professionals who will make sure the research process is not biased in any way and also to limit any errors as much as possible. These research assistants will also be responsible for analyzing data so that, the research yields good results. Reference List Burnett, M. et al. (2005). African voices on development and social justice. Kenya: Fahamu/Pambazuka. Luthar, S. (1999). Poverty and children’s adjustment: Volume 41 of Developmental clinical psychology and psychiatry. New York: SAGE. Khayum, M. (2003). Contemporary economic issues in developing countries. United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. Kendall, D. (2007). Sociology in Our Times. London: Cengage Learning. Singh, E. (2005). Caste System in India: A Historical Perspective. United States: Gyan Books. United Nation Children’s Fund. (2005). The State of World’s Children. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/sowc05/english/povertyissue.html Wolfendale, S. (2000). Special needs in the early years: snapshots of practice. New York: Routledge. This research paper on How Poverty Affects Children Development? was written and submitted by user Ashlyn Douglas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thomas Malthus on Population

Thomas Malthus on Population In 1798, a 32-year-old British economist anonymously published a lengthy pamphlet criticizing the views of the Utopians who believed that life could and would definitely improve for humans on earth. The hastily written text, An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers, was published by Thomas Robert Malthus. Thomas Robert Malthus Born on February 14 or 17, 1766 in Surrey, England, Thomas Malthus was educated at home. His father was a Utopian and a friend of the philosopher David Hume. In 1784 he attended Jesus College and graduated in 1788; in 1791 Thomas Malthus earned his masters degree. Thomas Malthus argued that because of the natural human urge to reproduce human population increases geometrically (1, 2, 4, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, etc.). However, food supply, at most, can only increase arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.). Therefore, since food is an essential component to human life, population growth in any area or on the planet, if unchecked, would lead to starvation. However, Malthus also argued that there are preventative checks and positive checks on the  population that slow its growth and keep the population from rising exponentially for too long, but still, poverty is inescapable and will continue. Thomas Malthus example of population growth doubling was based on the preceding 25 years of the brand-new United States of America. Malthus felt that a young country with fertile soil like the U.S. would have one of the highest birth rates around. He liberally estimated an arithmetic increase in agricultural production of one acre at a time, acknowledging that he was overestimating but he gave agricultural development the benefit of the doubt. According to Thomas Malthus, preventative checks are those that affect the birth rate and include marrying at a later age (moral restraint), abstaining from procreation, birth control, and homosexuality. Malthus, a religious chap (he worked as a clergyman in the Church of England), considered birth control and homosexuality to be vices and inappropriate (but nonetheless practiced). Positive checks are those, according to Thomas Malthus, that increase the death rate. These include disease, war, disaster, and finally  when other checks dont reduce the population, famine. Malthus felt that the fear of famine or the development of famine was also a major impetus to reduce the birth rate. He indicates that potential parents are less likely to have children when they know that their children are likely to starve. Thomas Malthus also advocated welfare reform. Recent Poor Laws had provided a system of welfare that provided an increased amount of money depending on the number of children in a family. Malthus argued that this only encouraged the poor to give birth to more children as they would have no fear that increased numbers of offspring would make eating any more difficult. Increased numbers of poor workers would reduce labor costs and ultimately make the poor even poorer. He also stated that if the government or an agency were to provide a certain amount of money to every poor person, prices would simply rise and the value of money would change. As well, since population increases faster than production, the supply would essentially be stagnant or dropping so the demand would increase and so would price. Nonetheless, he suggested that capitalism was the only economic system that could function. The ideas that Thomas Malthus developed came before the industrial revolution and focuses on plants, animals, and grains as the key components of the diet. Therefore, for Malthus, available productive farmland was a limiting factor in population growth. With the industrial revolution and the increase in agricultural production, land has become a less important factor than it was during the 18th century. Thomas Malthus printed the second edition of his Principles of Population in 1803 and produced several additional editions until the sixth edition in 1826. Malthus was awarded the first professorship in Political Economy at the East India Companys College at Haileybury and was elected to the Royal Society in 1819. Hes often known today as the patron saint of demography and while some argue that his contributions to population studies were unremarkable, he did indeed cause population and demographics to become a topic of serious academic study. Thomas Malthus died ​in Somerset, England in 1834.

Brand Storyteling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand Storyteling - Essay Example In addition, stories easily convey the message of the content by allowing customers to visualize the vision of the brand in an easy manner. On the contrary, messages based on facts do not create a long lasting impact on the customers as stories do. Effective stories have; entertaining value engages the audience and relates to the personal needs of customers. These features let the customer ‘live’ through the story of the brand. For instance, by posing a problem in the story with the brand as the solution makes the audience assume a true experience. Instead of the audience grasping the product pitches, the idea of the brand story is taken in (Barry 2014). Storytelling, no matter how many companies adopt it, it will always emerge as the sure way of excluding a company from its competitors by creating a more appealing and effective story than the other companies. Almost everybody enjoys the feeling of being in control of the environment, future and their lives, among other things. For that reason, companies should use storytelling to evoke emotions of the desire to control. The story makes it clear to the customer how the brand makes him or her in control, albeit in the subconscious mind only. By embracing family values to the brand story, the audience is emotionally influenced, especially married couples. For instance, Cerebos Pacific, a sauce additives company, uses Asian family values that relate to food to convince customers to buy their products (Temporal 2013). In Asia, food cooking is not just an act rather it is a way of emotional expression. A brand story that relates to the audience and through their ‘living’ through the story, their wishes are fulfilled and emotions are evoked. The brain encodes the value in things and remembers wishes that were vicariously fulfilled. A brand story that evokes emotions of love can convince the audience to purchase the product. Love emerges at the most fundamental emotion ever known to human beings.

Russia`s Motives in Relations with Central Asia and the Caspian Region Essay

Russia`s Motives in Relations with Central Asia and the Caspian Region - Essay Example This essay discusses the relevance between economic power and military power of Russia in relation to the its interests in maintaining good relationship with Central Asia and the Caspian Region. To secure Russia’s economic and political influence over the Caspian region, the Russian government is preparing and maintaining its military power in the Caspian region Considering the economic and military power of Russia, this study discusses the history behind the Caspian Flotilla. As part of going through the main discussion, some real-life current events that are taking place between Russia, the Caspian region, and the central Asia are used as concrete evidences in proving the point of the research. Located on the northern part of Iran and surrounded by the Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and the Turkmenistan, the Caspian Sea is a point of political argument and fight between the Azerbaijan, Britain, and Russia because of its 20 to 40 billion barrels of proven oil reserves Similar to case of the Caspian region, one of the main reasons why Russia is maintaining a good relationship with the Central Asia is because of the oil business. Since most of the Russian oil pipelines are controlled by Moscow, the Russian government has to maintain its political partnership with Central Asia to keep the flow of oil business transaction between Russia and other nearby countries in Asia normal. Since a lot of countries in Central Asia have weak political power in the world market, Russia is also enjoying a lot of economic and political advantages there.

Literature review of concepts and theories of Motivation

Literature review of concepts and theories of Motivation In the fierce era of competition, organizations nowadays are more emphasizing on the management of Human Resources (Robert. L, 2008). Motivation; a key strategy in Human Resource Management has helped practitioners largely enough to subject the term Motivation for a discussion. Steers et al. (2004), asserted that employee motivation plays a vital role in the management field; both theoretically and practically. It is said that one of the important functions of human resource manager is to ensure job commitment at the workplace, which can only be achieved through motivation (Petcharak, 2002). Based on these reasoning, this paper shall include analytical and empirical studies to reveal the discrepancies and feasibility aspect of the domain, as Rai (2004) put forward; motivation is crucial for good performance and therefore it is increasingly important to study what motivates employees for better performance. This section offers a review of literature, which explores the concepts, types and theoretical aspects including content and process theories, theories of motivation developed in other psychological areas as well as empirical evidences in organizational contexts. 2.1 Motivation Motivation is defined as a human psychological characteristic that add to a persons degree of commitment. It is the management process of in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uencing employees behavior. (Badu, 2005) Conversely, Bartol and Martin (1998) relate motivation to the force that stimulates behavior, provide direction to behavior, and underlies the tendency to prevail. In other words individuals must be sufficiently stimulated and energetic, must have a clear focus on what is to be achieved, and must be willing to commit their energy for a long period of time to realize their aim in order to achieve goals. However, other than motivation being a force that stimulates behavior, Vroom (1964) emphasized on the voluntary actions. Supported by Steers et al. (2004), Vroom (1964) defined motivation as a process governing choice made by personsamong alternative forms of voluntary activity. Similarly Kreitner and Kinicki (2004) assumed that motivation incorporate those psychological processes that create the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented. Quite differently from the other definitions, Locke and Latham (2004) identified that motivation influence peoples acquisition of skills and the extent to which they use their ability. According to the authors the concept of motivation refers to internal factors that impel action and to external factors that can act as inducements to action. The three aspects of action that motivation can affect are direction (choice), intensity (effort), and duration (persistence). Motivation can affect both the acquisition of peoples skills and abilities; and also the extent to which they utilize their skills and abilities (Locke and Latham, 2004). In a nut shell, different authors have put forward the concept of motivation differently. Nonetheless, these definitions have three common aspects, that is, they are all principally concerned with factors or events that stimulate, channel, and prolong human behavior over time (Steers et al. 2004). 2.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation Following Lakhani and Wolf (2005), Lakhani and Von Hippel (2003) and Lemer and Tirole (2004), the current scholarly thinking favors a framework that considers two components of motivation given by intrinsic and extrinsic components. Accordingly, Lawler (1969) intrinsic motivation is the degree to which feelings of esteem, growth, and competence are expected to result from successful task performance. This view bounds intrinsic motivation to an expectancy approach and expectancy theory which clearly indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations summate (Porter Lawler, 1968). Moreover, as per to Amabile et al. (1993) Individuals are said to be intrinsically motivated when they seek, interest, satisfaction of curiosity, self expression, or personal challenge in the work. On the other hand individuals are said to be extrinsically motivated when they engaged in the work to gain some goal that is part of the work itself. As per to the author this definition of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is based on the individual perception of the individual perception of task and his or her reasons for engaging in it. Moreover, Amabile et al. further argued that intrinsic motivators arise from an individuals feelings with regards to the activity and they are necessary to adhere to the work itself. Conversely, extrinsic motivators although they may be dependent on the work, they are not logically an inherent part of the work. Furthermore, in line with the concept of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, De Charms (1968) suggest that external rewards might undermine intrinsic motivation. He further proposed that individuals seek for personal causation and because of the desire to be the origin of his behavior; man keeps struggling against the constraint of external forces. Thus, De Charms hypothesized that when a man perceives his behavior as originating from his own choice, he will value that behavior and its results but when he perceives his behavior as originating from external forces, that behavior and its results, even though identical in other respects to behavior of his own choosing, will be devalued. De Charms (1968) further argued that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation may interact, rather than summate that is the introduction of extrinsic rewards for the behaviors that was intrinsically rewarding may decrease rather than enhance the overall motivation. The author argued that the introduction of an extrinsic reward put the individual in a dependent position relative to the source of the reward. The locus of causality for his behavior changes from self to the external reward and thus the individuals perception of self-control, free choice, and commitment deteriorate and hence do his motivation. In addition Frey (1997) note that high intrinsic work motivation evolving from work which is interesting involves the trust and loyalty of personal relationships and is participatory. However, under certain circumstances, intrinsic motivation can be diminished, or crowded-out by external interventions like monitoring or pay-for-performance incentive schemes. This was also supported by Frey and Jegen (2001) who reviewed the literature on intrinsic motivations and found that the evidence does suggest that incentives sometimes do crowd-out intrinsic motivations. Besides, Frey (1997) suggests that the important matter is whether the external intervention is in the form of a command or a reward. Commands are most controlling in the sense that they seize self-determination from the agent, while rewards might still allow autonomy of action. The maximization of employees motivation to attain the organizations goals can only be obtained through a complete understanding of motivation theories (Reid 2002). There is a wide variety of theoretical frameworks that have been developed in the attempts to explain the issues related to motivation. Stoner, Edward and Daniel (1995) has described two different views on motivation theory, given by the earliest views and the contemporary approach which can further be subdivided into content and process theories. 2.3 Theories of Motivation 2.3.1 The earliest views of motivation One of the earliest views of motivation is Frederick W Taylor et al. (1911) scientific management theory. Taylor (1911) with regards to employee motivation proposed a paternalistic approach to managing workers and argued that workers are economic men and in order to motivate them, workers should be paid higher wages. The author also argued that the higher is the wage rate, the higher will be the level motivation and productivity. Furthermore, Taylor points out that many payment methods were ineffective, as they did not reward efficiency and he believed that a differential piece-work incentive system should be replaced with a piece rate incentive system (Wren, 2005). In other words workers should be paid according to the number of units produced in order to motivate them to work. On the other hand in line with building on the concept of motivation Elton Mayo (1953) came up with the Human Relations approach whereby the emphasis is laid on non-economic motivators. According to Elton Mayo (1953), if objectives of organizations are to be met, it must attempt to understand, respect and consider the emotions, sense of recognition and satisfaction that is the non-monetary needs of workers. He believed that employees are not just concern with money but also they need to have their social needs to be met in order to be motivated to work. He is of view that workers enjoy interactions and managers should treat them as people who have worthwhile opinions. Furthermore, McGregor (1960) postulates Theory X and Theory Y which is based on assumptions about people and work. According to this theory, there are two types of assumption made with regards to employees whereby theory X assumes that employees are lazy and therefore theory X suggests that in order to motivate employees a more autocratic style of management is required. On the other hand theory Y assumes that workers enjoy work, committed to objectives of the organization and will apply self control and self directed in the pursuit of organizational objectives and therefore does not require external control. 2.3.2 Content theories of motivation Content theories tend to focus on individual needs and attempt to explain the factors within a person that stimulate and stop behavior (Reid, 2002). According to Bassett-Jones and Lloyd (2005), content theory assume a more complex interaction between both internal and external factors, and explored the circumstances in which individuals react to different types of internal and external stimuli. The most well known content theory of motivation is the hierarchy of needs which has been put forward by Abraham Maslow (1943). According to Maslow, people are motivated by five types of needs and in order to motivate people to work more productively there is a need to offer them opportunity to satisfy those needs. He proposed that basic needs are organized in a hierarchy of prepotency and probability of appearance (Wahba and Bridwell, 1973). These needs include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem and self-actualization. Maslow argued that once a lower order need is fulfilled, the next level of needs in the hierarchy comes into play that is once employees satisfy the lower order needs they will next consider the next level of needs. The author further argued that unfulfilled lower needs dominate ones thinking and behavior until they are satisfied (Berl et al. 1984). However this theory has also been criticized to a large extent, for example Wahba and Bridwell (1973) argued that based on the ten factor analytic studies that have attempted to test Malows theory; there is no clear evidence that human needs are classified into five different categories, or that these categories are organized in a special hierarchy. The authors contradict Malows proposition and points out that, none of the studies has shown all of Maslows five need categories as independent factors, for example some studies have showed that the self-actualization needs may emerge as an independent category. They also argued that studies have also proved the issue of need deprivation and the domination of behavior to be different from that suggested by Maslow. Moreover results have also proved that either self-actualization or security are the least satisfied needs and social needs are the most satisfied. Therefore it is difficult to determine the general pattern of the degree of sati sfaction and these trends are not the same as proposed by Maslow (Wahba and Bridwell, 1973). Conversely, Alderfer (1972) in the attempt to address the short comings of Malows theory proposed an alternative to Maslows theory which he termed as the ERG theory and postulate a three level hierarchy. Alderfer grouped Maslows five categories of needs into three categories given by Existence, Relatedness and Growth. According to the author, people are motivated by these three groups of core needs and he asserted that as one level of need is satisfied another takes over but if a need is not satisfied on a continuous basis, the individual may decide to give such a need a low priority. Nonetheless, while Maslow and Alderfer presented the concept of motivation in a hierarchy, McClelland (1961, 1971), ignored the concept of hierarchy and put forward a theory known as the acquired need theory that emphasize on three types of needs namely, need for affiliation, need for achievement and need for power. McClelland is of view that individuals experiences are acquired through life experiences that is they are learned. According to this theory individuals possess several needs, and when these needs are activated they serve to motivate behavior and this is to the contrary of Maslows proposition of a continuous progression throughout the hierarchy of needs (Steers et al. 2004). Moreover, also put differently Herzberg et al. (1959) sought to understand how work activities and the nature of an employees job influence motivation and performance. They proposed a theory that involves what they termed as motivators and hygiene factors. According to Herzberg the most crucial difference between the motivators and the hygiene factors is that the motivator factors involve psychological growth while the hygiene factors involve physical and psychological pain avoidance. The authors examined motivators and hygiene factors in the workplace and proposed that where job satisfaction was high there would be corresponding high motivation. Herzberg (1959) further argued that work motivation is influenced to a large extent by the degree to which a job is intrinsically challenging and provides opportunities for recognition and reinforcement. However despite that Herbergs theory has been widely accepted by managers (e.g Latham 2007, Miner 2005, Steers and Porter 1983), this theory has been criticized by many authors. For example Reid (2002) argued that the work of Herzberg is an examination of job satisfaction rather than motivation of employees. Reid also argued that no matter how much emphasis is laid on factors that are intrinsically rewarding, if hygiene factors such as low pay is not addressed, their full effect cannot be felt. Moreover, also Brenner et al. (1971) contradict Herzberg proposition that motivation factors increase job satisfaction and hygiene factors leads to job dissatisfaction and points out that his study and others indicated that the employees received job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction from both the motivating and the hygiene factors. Similarly Locke (1976) assessed Herzberg two factor theory and argued that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction result from different causes. 2.3.3 Emperical studies of content theories Zakeri et al. (1997) carried out research in the Iranian construction industry to find out level of Maslows hierarchy of needs are the most motivating factors and whether these factors are motivating factors or just hygiene factors as proposed by Herzberg. A list of 20 factors was chosen according to Maslows classification of needs and the lists were presented to the construction crafts- men and operatives whereby Zakeri et al. (1997) found five most motivating factors in descending order namely; fairness of pay, Incentive and financial rewards, on-time payment, good working facilities and safety. The authors argued that despite Herzbergs proposition that money is not a satisfier, this survey along with others proved that money is the most motivating factor. In addition Arnolds and Boshoff (2002) conducted research in a number of firms in South Africa to investigate the impact of need satisfaction on self-esteem and of self-esteem on performance intention as suggested by Alderfer (1972). According to the empirical results, self-esteem was found as a significant determinant of employee job performance and results showed that providing frontline employees opportunities to perform challenging work, allow participation and teaching them new things on the job will enhance their self-esteem as well as their performance intentions (Arnolds and Boshoff, 2002). The authors argued that the experiment also showed that the satisfaction of fringe benefits does not have a significant impact on performance intentions via self-esteem as an intervening variable and this support Herzbergs et al. (1959) theory. 2.3.4 Process theories of motivation Along with the content theories, there are also different process theories. According to Viorel et al. (2009) the content theories emphasize on specific factors that motivate workers with regards to certain necessities and aspirations, while the process theories emphasize on the processes and the psychological forces that have an impact on motivation. They start from the premise that motivation starts with the desire to do something. The process theories provide more realistic principles with regards to motivation techniques and therefore they are more useful to managers compared to content theories (Viorel et al. 2009). Vroom (1964), in the interest to study motivation developed an alternative to the content theories which is known as the expectancy theory. Vroom suggest that there are three mental components that are considered as instigating and directing behavior and these are referred to as Valence, Instrumentality, and Expectancy. He argued that employees rationally analyze different on-the-job work behaviors and then choose those behaviors which they believe will lead to their most valued work-related rewards and outcomes. Moreover, Porter and Lawler (1968) expanded Vrooms work to identify the role of individual differences for example employee abilities and skills and the role clarity in relating job effort to actual job performance. Porter and Lawler also explained the relationship between performance and satisfaction and argued that this relationship is mediated by the extent and quality of the rewards that employees receive in return for their job performance. In addition to expectancy theory Adams (1963), developed the equity theory to clarify how employees respond cognitively and behaviorally with regards to unfairness in the workplace. Adams suggested that employees develop beliefs about what constitutes a fair and equitable return for their job performance and contributions therefore employees always compare their efforts and the associated rewards with that of other employees and in case there is a situation whereby there is an element of injustice or unfairness there is an imbalance that is a perception of inequity will result. The author is therefore of view that when perception of inequity occurs the employee will get engaged in activities and do effort in order to reduce the inequity. On the other hand, quite differently Latham and Locke (1979) came up with the goal setting theory. According to Latham (2004), the underlying premise of the goal setting theory is that ones conscious goals affect what one achieves. The author argued that this is because a goal is said to be the objective or aim of an action and having a specific goal result to improved performance. Employees with specific hard goals tend to perform better compared to those with vague goals and that a goal is a standard for assessing an individuals performance. Moreover, Latham also suggested that to the extent that the goal is met or exceeded, satisfaction increases; and conversely, to the extent that performance falls short of the goal, ones satisfaction decreases. While content theories have tended to focus on needs of people and process theories have focused on factors motivating people, Adair (2006) have brought some new issues in the field of employee motivation and developed a new theory of motivation known as the Fifty-Fifty rule. Unlike the authors of content and process theories, Adair is of view that motivation lies both within an individual as well as external to the individual. According to the author, 50 percent of motivation lies within a person and fifty percent lies outside the person however Adair points out that this theory does not assert for the exactly fifty-fifty proportion in the equation but it only emphasized on the idea that a considerable part of motivation lies within a person while a considerable part lies outside and beyond its control. 2.3.5 Emperical studies of process theories With regards to Adams Equity theory, Levine (1993) calculated wage residuals for more than 8,000 manufacturing employees. Wage residuals re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ect employees wages relative to employees with similar demographics and human capital in terms of education and training (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). Levine found that employees with higher wage residuals reported that they were less likely to leave, were more satis ¬Ã‚ ed with their pay, were willing to work harder than they had to, and were more committed to the organization. Therefore in line with this argument, the author pointed out that employees with low wage residuals might be expected to experience inequity or unfairness relative to similar others and exhibit negative responses. Moreover Arnolds and Boshoff (2002) conducted research in a number of South African firms whereby they analyzed the application of the expectancy theory put forward by Vroom (1964) and they argued that the satisfaction with pay and fringe benefits does not impact on the performance intentions of frontline employees because these need satisfactions do not have any esteem valence for these employees. In other words, frontline employees do not have a higher regard of themselves if they are getting enough pay to fulfill basic necessities (Arnolds and Boshoff, 2002). Besides based on the Goal Setting theory, Stans ¬Ã‚ eld and Longenecker (2006) performed a study in a traditional manufacturing plant in the Midwestern USA to develop a model of efficient and effective goal setting and feedback practices for manufacturing. According to the authors the study showed that an information system, facilitating goal setting and feedback can play a vital role in improving individual performance levels. Stansfield and Longenecker also found that employee motivation and performance were both improved in the study, which lead to better organizational performance and pro ¬Ã‚ tability. The authors also argued that goal setting and feedback can create competitive advantage for manufacturers with a minimum investment of time and capital if they implement these practices with proper coordination. 2.3.6 Reinforcement Theory B.F. Skinner (1953) compared to need and process theories, came up with a different theory known as the reinforcement theory in which he proposed that peoples behavior is dependent upon its consequences. He suggested that if consequences of behavior is positive then such behavior will be repeated and vice-versa. Skinner (1953) argued that behavior can thus be reinforced through different forms of reinforcement or rewards. According to him individuals can be influenced in four different ways given by positive reinforcement (a reward such as praise so that the person repeat the behavior), negative reinforcement (rewarding employees by removing unwanted consequences), extinction (deliberately withheld positive reinforcement to discourage unwanted behavior) and punishment (applying undesirable consequences for unwanted behaviors). Through these theories, it can be said that work motivation has been characterized by dimensions such as interesting job, ability to perform, recognition, adequate pay, and feedback on performance (Dwivedula and Bredillet, 2010). However according to Meyer et al. (2004) it is also very important to consider differences in the psychological states, or mindsets that can accompany motivation. Therefore, Meyer et al. (2004) argued that motivation theories developed in other areas of psychology render a convincing case that motivation is multidimensional. 2.3.7 Adaptation-Level Theory Bowling et al. (2005) argued that the adaptation-level theory (Helson, 1948, 1964a, 1964b), offers one potential explanation for the temporal stability of job satisfaction. Bowling explained that the theory postulates that someones evaluation of an outcome is said to be a function of previous experiences outcomes. For example, an employee who has worked for years without a pay raise would be expected to respond positively to even a small pay increase because this change in pay would be different from that individuals adaptation level, however the positive response would be temporary as the individuals adaptation level would eventually change as the experience of the pay increase is integrated into the employees adaptation level (Bowling et al. 2005). 2.3.8 Self-Regulatory Theory Moreover quite differently, Higgins (1997, 1998) proposed the regulatory focus theory that draw important differences in the processes through which individuals approach pleasure and avoid pain. Huggins proposed that individuals have two types of motivational systems given by a system that regulates rewards (promotion focus) and one that regulates punishments (prevention focus). According to the author people who operate primarily within the promotion focus are concerned with accomplishments, are sensible towards the existence or absence of rewards, adopt a goal attainment strategy, are more creative and are more willing to take risks. However, people who operate within the prevention focus tend to be more concerned with duties and responsibilities and are more sensitive to the existence or absence of punishments. Moreover the regulatory focus is ascertained both by situational and chronic factors (Higgins, 1997, 1998). 2.3.9 Activation theory On the other hand Anderson (1976, 1983) came up with the activation theory whereby he argued that the strongest motivating factor is the work itself however over time as the worker get used with the environment and learns the responses required in the repetitive task there may be a fall in the activation level or job stimulation. It is important to highlight that over time all work tends to become repetitive after the job has been practiced and therefore a wide range of dysfunctional and non-task activities must be pursued to offset the fall in the job stimulation level (Milbourn 1984). Moreover according to Milbourn (1984), if dysfunctional activities are addressed, managers can consider enriching jobs through job redesign to reduce monotony at work in order to maintain job stimulation. 2.4 Motivational practices in Organizational environment According to Islam and Ismail (2008) the theories mentioned continue to offer the foundation for organization and managerial development practices to a large extent. Along with the above theories, during the last decade, based on employees motivation many empirical studies have been carried out (Islam and Ismail, 2008). For example, Bent et al. (1999) carried out research in small food manufacturing businesses whereby respondents were asked to complete, using a five-point Likert scale about how they felt motivated and then how satisfied they were with their jobs and the authors found that the degree of positive motivation was high. According to Bent et al. (1999) the employees were either very or moderately motivated with their jobs, however it was important to note that no respondents stated that they were either very motivated or very dissatisfied with their job. The authors also argued that issues which are associated with individual management style include lack of appreciation f rom management to feel for the work of employees and that there was also poor communication contributing to low job satisfaction and this contrasts with the identification by employees, of the motivating or satisfying qualities of a good management style. Moreover VaitkuvienÄ- (2010) conducted research in two Swedish manufacturing companies given by, the company Frilight AB and Enitor Plast AB and reported that the workers were found satisfied with the working conditions, training of staffs and career opportunities. The author argued that the Swedish employees were motivated and that the employees do not avoid responsibilities and follow directions. VaitkuvienÄ- (2010) also found that almost all employees are stimulated with the organizing of recreational tours, holidays and events. According to the author more than half of employees in the Sweden manufacturing companies are stimulated through gifts on various occasions (birthdays, holidays), free meals at work, health insurance coverage, work, clothes, equipment, travels for the company employees, days off, recognition and good working conditions and therefore the author pointed out that the employees of the manufacturing companies consider non-financial motivation tools to b e more important. Eventually, Dwivedula and Bredillet (2010), in line with the authors Cummings and Blumberg (1987) pointed out that studies from the manufacturing sector emphasize on the importance of providing autonomy, and skill variety to the employees which are otherwise absent. On the other hand Adler (1991) observed and concluded that manufacturing firms rely on job rotation, and voluntary job switching to motivate the employees. Moreover, Galia (2008) supported by Dwivedula and Bredillet (2010) reported that more recently it has been observed that, in a survey of 5000 manufacturing  ¬Ã‚ rms by SESSI (Industrial Statistics Department of the French Ministry of Economics, Finance, and Industry), practices such as autonomy at work, incentives to promote creativity have been widely adopted in order to motivate the workers.